Learn Babel, Http and Npm

Astro is a flexible web framework that allows you to build fast websites to suit your needs.

By default, Astro will build your site using Static Site Generation (SSG). This means the data in your site is loaded at build time so that the end-user gets served static pages that load quickly.

While Astro defaults this way, it also has Server-Side Rendering (SSR) that you can enable if you have more serverful needs in your application.

Along similar lines, Astro utilizes HTML and the browser as a default but when you need more flexibility you can opt into an Astro Island. Islands use React, Vue, Angular, or any frontend JavaScript framework you are used to enhance the user experience in your site.

astro

Now that we have our database set up, we need to use it!

On our blog post page, we have a likes button waiting for us to implement the likes feature. On page load, we'll make a fetch call to a `/api/likes/[slug].ts` GET end point to return the number of likes for the page. 

Similarly, when someone clicks the like button we want to send a POST request to that same endpoint.

On the server side we will set up `GET` and `POST` handlers to implement this functionality. In those functions we'll use Drizzle to return the likes for that blog post and in the case of a `POST` we'll create a record if it doesn't exist or increment a like if it does and return.

Astro API endpoints utilize browser `Response` API so you'll get a chance to handle returning different status's based on the data present.

Create Astro API Endpoints to Get and Update Database Records using Drizzle ORM

A Monorepo is where you have multiple projects inside a singular repository.

monorepo

Introduction to Monorepos with NPM Workspaces

npm is the package manager for JavaScript. Find, share, and reuse packages of code from hundreds of thousands of developers — and assemble them in powerful new ways.

Thank you for completing my course!

You’ve learned what monorepos are, how to create them from scratch, how to install different projects inside of it, and how to run different scripts inside of a monorepo. 

So where do you go from here? I suggest creating your own Monorepo project template and publish it on Github. Take a look at Yarn Workspaces, pnpm, Learna, Nx and Turborepo for different monorepo tools. 

I also highly suggest Migrating some of your existing projects to a monorepo. Have a main frontend application that consumes a shared UI library package and a backend service. Another way would be to have a backend service, a mobile application and a frontend application. 

Best of luck and happy coding!

Intro to Monorepos with NPM Workspaces Outro

All of our applications and libraries have `test` and `typecheck` commands already written inside of them. We are able to run both the `test` and `typecheck` commands all at the same time as well. 

This has a downside. They don’t run at the same time, it’s just one after the other. To make them run at the same time, we will implement `concurrently` again.

Running Quality Checks in your Monorepo

We already have a utils package that outputs JavaScript. If we want to use that package inside any of our applications, in our case, blog or dashboard, we would have to install it first.

Share Code Between a Library and Applications Inside a Monorepo

Right now, it is not possible to run all the Dev Scripts across all the packages of the monorepo at the same time, because once we run `npm run dev` with the `-ws` flag, we will run the dev-command in the block first, but that command never ends. It is always watching for changes.

In order to run the `dev` scripts across all the packages in the monorepo, the first thing that we have to do, is to create a dev command for each one of the packages in the root package.json file. Then we can use `concurrently` to change them. We go `concurrently` and we tell it to run the utils, then the blog and then the dashboard scripts.

Run Dev Scripts for All Packages Simultaniously

We can install a dependency inside a monorepo by running npm install, then the name of the dependency, in our case, it’s going to be Lodash. But, we are going to add different flags to that.

If we use the `-w` flag, we would have to specify in what package we want to install Lodash. We will do this for `monorepo/utils`. We could also use the `-ws` flag to install Lodash across all the packages in the monorepo. We can also use `-W` in uppercase to install Lodash in the root of the project.

Install Dependencies for Specific Packages in a Monorepo

To run specific commands inside a monorepo we have to type `npm run` then the name of the command, `build`. We then add the flag `-w` for watch mode and specify which package we want to run the build command. In this case, it’s going to be the `utils` package. 

The full command will look like, `npm run build -2 @monorepo/utils`.

If you want to run all of the commands, you'll need to add the `-ws` flag. 

The full command for running all of our build commands will look like, `npm run build -ws`. 

Run App Specific Commands in a Monorepo

Creating a TypeScript library inside the monorepo is easy if we use tsup. To configure tsup, we have to set up the entry point. In our case, it's going to be the index.ts file inside the src directory.

We will also specify some extra options for tsup such as generating the types and source maps. We can also output different formats. In this case, we want to output an ESM file and a CommonJS file.

Add a TypeScript library to your Monorepo using TSUP

In order to create applications inside our monorepo, we can use different CLI tools like create-next-app or the Vite CLI. We'll install them inside the apps folder. We will create a blog and a dashboard app, one using create-next-app and the other using the Vite CLI.

It is also important to note that the only package-lock.json file that should exist, exists at the root of the project.

Install a Next.js and a Vite.js Applications Into a Monorepo

For this course, we are going to be using NPM Workspaces to configure our monorepo. We will have two workspaces, one for our apps and one for our libraries. We configure those in our package.json.

Configure NPM Workspaces in your Package.json

A monorepo is a group of small projects that can be combined to build bigger projects, or they could just be small projects that doesn't know anything about the other projects.

One great thing about monorepos is that the code is available for everyone at every time. If you are a frontend engineer, and you're working in the blog application and you see that there is a bug in the backend application, you can go and fix it right away.

What are Monorepos

JavaScript® (often shortened to JS) is a lightweight, interpreted, object-oriented language with first-class functions, most known as the scripting language for Web pages, but used in many non-browser environments as well such as node.js or Apache CouchDB. It is a prototype-based, multi-paradigm scripting language that is dynamic, and supports object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.

javascript

There are some really known patterns to migrate packages in large applications. You might find some code referencing to a different package (such as `@my-namespace/my-package/next`) or specific branches (like `@my-namespace/my-package#next`). 

Anything that helps during package migrations or bumps having several majors of differences.

The good news is that you can have it done directly via NPM! What can be done in this case is an idea called "package alias". So you can have multiple versions of the same package running in your app and you can work on the upgrades mitigating possible issues.

Install Multiple Versions of the Same Package in NPM with Package Aliases



The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is a generic, stateless, protocol which can be used for many tasks beyond its use for hypertext, such as name servers and distributed object management systems, through extension of its request methods, error codes and headers.

http

We're adding Github authorization to our client app

Create a function that is called on window load. In that function store the parameters that get sent over to the Github auth server. 

In our query params, we will set the response_type parameter to "code" in order to ask the auth server for a code. Asking for a code from the auth server is more secure than asking for the access token through a browser

Finally, create a URL from the params and an authorization endpoint. Using a query selector select an anchor tag and set the href attribute to the URL that you created.

Add GitHub Authorization to an OAuth Client App

Express is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a robust set of features for web and mobile applications.

express

We'll create our client-server using the `express` and `cors` packages

Express will be used to create our HTTP application. We'll need it to post to our endpoints and listen to our port.

We need the `cors` package to make cross-origin requests since the front-end will be a different origin than the server.

Create an OAuth Client-Server for code/token exchange

We'll be parsing the authorization code sent in our query before sending it to the server.

We do this by creating a function that parses our query and retrieves the code parameter. If we find a code in the query we send the code to our server by using `fetch` to make a `POST` request. In the body of the request we send the code and the state in stringified JSON.

Once we make the request we can await a response and store its JSON data (the auth token) in a variable. In a real application, we might also redirect to the homepage or the page the user was just on.

Parse for the Auth Code in a Query before Sending It to a Server

We're going to refactor some of our HTTP application code in order to create the ability to exchange the code inside our HTTP request for a token. 

We can do this by creating a function that takes the code from a request and posts a query that contains our client id and secret to our token endpoint. We then await a response, parse the data from the response, and then return the parsed data.

Exchange Auth Code in a Request for an Access Token

We're going to fetch a user with that token we exchanged the code parameter for in the previous lesson. 

All we have to do is make a fetch request to the `/user` endpoint with an Authorization header that contains the token and then return the data. Like this ``Authorization: `Bearer ${token}``

Fetch Protected Data from a Resource Server with an Access Token

 Every developer who has attempted to demystify OAuth 2.0 must be presented with mind-bugging complicated flow diagrams. It becomes worse when you try to understand all the terminologies of OAuth 2.0 and Open ID protocols.

There is no getting around the OAuth 2.0 flow being complicated with back and forth between your browser, the service you are authenticating with, and the application you want to access. 

This course gets straight to the point without any application code distracting you from the core takeaway -- You will learn how to authenticate and authorize yourself using GitHub as your Auth Server.

We'll first cover the OAuth 2.0 flow for authentication and then integrate the Open ID protocol for authorization.

[**LIVE EVENT**: Register here for a live webinar with Christian on OAuth.](https://egghead.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_Sxy1FEcoTea8UA6F7EDzLw) Bring any questions you have from taking this course!

JSON Web Tokens are an open, industry standard RFC 7519 method for representing claims securely between two parties.

Add Github Login to Your Web App with OAuth 2.0

Node.js is a platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for easily building fast, scalable network applications. Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient, perfect for data-intensive real-time applications that run across distributed devices.

node

Tests are really important in the software development cycle. But how we can test if our API - or even a page - will support the web traffic and requests our users will create by accessing them?

In this video, you will learn how to create HTTP load and benchmarking tests in Node.js using the autocannon package. With that, we can make sure our API is not consuming too much memory, CPU, or any other resource that can cause slow responses.

Create Load Tests in Node.js Using Autocannon

Nx has been design to work especially well in large monorepos. One particularity (compare to other monorepo solutions) is that Nx follows the principle of having one single version of a package in the entire workspace. That said, you'll have one version of React, one version of Angular etc.. This helps to keep things consistent, facilitates code sharing as well as easier migrations.
In this lesson we're looking into adding the [material-ui](https://material-ui.com/) package to our React app.

Install and use external npm packages in an Nx Workspace

In this lesson, you'll discover how to style View Transitions using CSS pseudo-selectors to create custom animation effects. We'll transform the default cross-fade into a smooth slide transition by targeting the ::view-transition-old and ::view-transition-new pseudo-elements. You'll learn how these powerful selectors give you precise control over your transition animations, allowing you to create more engaging and personalized user experiences with just a few lines of CSS.

Customize View Transitions with CSS Using view-transition-old and view-transition-new

In this lesson, you'll learn how to implement smooth state transitions in your web applications using the browser's built-in View Transitions API. We'll create a simple example that demonstrates how to animate between different text states with just a few lines of code - no external libraries required. This powerful native API makes it easy to add professional-looking transitions to your user interface, enhancing the user experience with minimal effort.

Create Smooth UI Transitions with the Native View Transitions API

I've been using Cursor for a very long time and their "Agent" feature in Composer is fairly new, so I'm still getting used to it. But since Windsurf recently got onto the stage with their Cascade agent, they've slowly been gaining the mind share on the UX for coding agents. I decided to put them to the test by putting Windsurf and Cursor on the exact same screen side by side trying to accomplish the same task and to see which workflow I would prefer. I've been a diehard Cursor user for over a year now, so it's going to take a lot for me to switch to a different IDE. But I just have to say, even from this simple demo, Windsurf is looking pretty nice.

This lesson is just going to walk through creating a CLI using both tools to print out inspirational quotes and to explore how they approach the step-by-step of installing packages and running commands and setting up all the files we need to get this running.

Windsurf Cascade vs. Cursor Composer Agent Side-by-Side Comparison

This TypeScript tutorial explains how to use generics, allowing for different types to be passed as arguments. It discusses the use of shorthand syntax in generics and illustrates with examples. This method is useful for library creation, providing type safety and control to the user.

```typescript
interface PhotoMetadata<T> {
  title: string;
  takenAt: Date;
  customData: T;
}

// Function that processes a photo with custom metadata
function processPhoto<T>(photo: PhotoMetadata<T>): {
  processedTitle: string;
  daysSinceCapture: number;
  customDataSummary: T;
} {
  const today = new Date();
  const daysSinceCapture = Math.floor(
    (today.getTime() - photo.takenAt.getTime()) / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)
  );

  return {
    processedTitle: photo.title.toUpperCase(),
    daysSinceCapture,
    customDataSummary: photo.customData
  };
}

// Example usage with different custom data shapes
type CameraSettings = {
  iso: number;
  aperture: string;
  shutterSpeed: string;
}

type LocationData = {
  latitude: number;
  longitude: number;
  locationName: string;
}

// Using with camera settings
const photoWithCamera: PhotoMetadata<CameraSettings> = {
  title: "Sunset at beach",
  takenAt: new Date('2024-01-15'),
  customData: {
    iso: 100,
    aperture: "f/2.8",
    shutterSpeed: "1/1000"
  }
};

// Using with location data
const photoWithLocation: PhotoMetadata<LocationData> = {
  title: "Mountain vista",
  takenAt: new Date('2024-02-01'),
  customData: {
    latitude: 45.5231,
    longitude: -122.6765,
    locationName: "Mount Hood"
  }
};

const processedCameraPhoto = processPhoto(photoWithCamera);
const processedLocationPhoto = processPhoto(photoWithLocation);

processedCameraPhoto.customDataSummary.iso
processedLocationPhoto.customDataSummary.longitude

```

Basic Explanation of Typescript Generics

A very basic explanation of generic function arguments

I've been using Cursor as my primary editor for over a year now, but recently I've heard wonderful things about Windsurf AI Agent features. I decided to record myself building out something I've always wanted to make, but never made the time for.

In this lesson, I demonstrate how to leverage Windsurf's powerful agent process to create a fun word-guessing game inspired by Heads Up. Watch as I build an interactive application featuring category selection and word navigation, complete with data hosting on GitHub Gists and deployment to GitHub Pages - all in under 30 minutes (before editing the lesson down to 12 minutes)!

What makes this project particularly exciting is how Windsurf eliminates the typical friction points of development. While this game was always on my project wishlist, the overhead of setup, configuration, and deployment made it hard to justify the time investment. Windsurf's agent process handles all these pain points seamlessly, from managing URLs to orchestrating deployment.

This lesson perfectly showcases how AI agents can help developers bring their backlog of project ideas to life, transforming what would typically be time-consuming tasks into efficient, enjoyable development experiences.

Build a Word Game with Windsurf's Cascade AI Agent



Discover how to harness the power of Cursor IDE's Composer Agent feature to optimize your code. In this lesson, you'll witness an AI agent doing all the work to generate test suites, implement performance benchmarks, and create optimized function variations - all without writing a single line of code. You'll learn how to validate performance improvements through data-driven benchmarking, ensuring that optimizations are backed by concrete metrics rather than speculation. This hands-on demonstration showcases a groundbreaking approach to automated function development that combines the precision of test-driven development with the efficiency of AI-powered optimization.


Agent-Driven Development in Cursor: Testing, Benchmarking, and Optimizing Functions

This course is aimed for using `zod` effectively in projects based on TypeScript (both browser and node.js). The benefits you gain with this course is not just simply coding, but also understanding when/why/how should you perform runtime validation.

`zod` is the missing piece to TypeScript's capabilities, which can guarantee type-safety only in compile-time.

`zod` can be used whenever the compiler cannot guarantee what happens in runtime. And... it's a very frequent usecase, such as HTTP calls, websockets, etc.

In this course you get quickly up and running by:
1. using `zod` with primitives and objects
2. adapting `zod` quickly to existing projects thanks to automatic generators
3. changing the strategy frm type-first to schema-first
4. using error-throwing `parse` or non-error-throwing `safeParse` basing on your needs
5. applying `zod` to the most common usecase - validating API responses
6. handling errors the most convenient way (out of many!)

Take advantage of runtime validation with `zod`. Take advantage of the detailed lessons in this course 🔥

Effective Runtime Type Checks with Zod


Cursor can now automatically run commands in the terminal and walk step-by-step towards building out your entire project. You give it a goal, then it will suggest the commands you need to run and the files that you need to create and you can work with it to achieve what you're building. This lesson does a quick walkthough of using a Cursor Agent to build a project from scratch and guide it along the way. Cursor Agents definitely feel like a sneak peek at the future of programming!

Cursor Agents Initial Impressions - Allow an AI to Build Your Entire Project

Mock Service Worker is an API mocking library that allows you to write client-agnostic mocks and reuse them across any frameworks, tools, and environments.



Mocking WebSocket APIs with Mock Service Worker


While using anonymous functions might seem convenient, they can create difficulties when trying to identify performance bottlenecks during profiling. This lesson will demonstrate how named functions make it easier to pinpoint and address performance issues, ultimately leading to more efficient and debuggable code. Learning this practice will greatly improve your ability to locate and fix performance issues in complex projects.

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