Learn Elixir, Ethereum and Immutable

Web3 is a paradigm shift in how applications are interacted with, ran, and built. 

It’s not just a Pump-and-Dump scheme on cryptocurrencies or Bored Ape NFT profile pictures you can put on Twitter.

A fundamental tenet of Web3 is bringing ownership back to the user. You no longer have to trust that your data is being properly handled on someone else’s server (although, currently Web3 ecosystem mainly depends on centralized infrastructure such as GitHub).  

This ownership is achieved through blockchain, cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and smart contracts.

A great example of this type of ownership is through how you exchange money in Web3. There is no intermediary like Stripe, or PayPal to process your transactions. You can even build your own smart contracts that receive crypto (e.g. Ethereum or ‘eth’ for short) and then process that eth how you’d like.

Building this type of smart contract is exactly what Matías is going to show you how to do right now.

Matías builds out a Web3 application that allows you to receive tips in the form of eth in a tip jar on your website. This means your application will be backed by a smart contract that’s accepts eth, stores data, and emits Solidity events.

The frontend application uses SvelteKit which you’ll see how easy it is to get up and be productive with in minutes. A huge benefit here is that the JavaScript you write is just that, JavaScript. You’ll be able to take what you learn and implement it into any framework of your choosing.

While you build this application you will learn how to:

- Write a smart contract using Solidity language
- Test the smart contract using just JavaScript through the waffle framework
- Communicate and interact with the smart contract using ethers.js in a SvelteKit application
- Deploy your smart contract to make it public and accessible to anyone

Solidity is an object-oriented, high-level language for implementing smart contracts.

solidity

Full Stack Web3 and Blockchain Development on Ethereum with SvelteKit

These videos include the introductory steps to writing your first Elixir function and beginning to understand some key concepts in Elixir that make it unique. 

Some of those concepts include:
- the Mix build tool
- project structure
- collections of functions written in modules
- function *arity*
- pattern matching and common uses for it
- the pipe operator

Elixir is a dynamic, functional language designed for building scalable and maintainable applications.

Elixir leverages the Erlang VM, known for running low-latency, distributed and fault-tolerant systems, while also being successfully used in web development and the embedded software domain.

elixir

Getting Started with Elixir

React is one of the web’s most popular frameworks for building JavaScript applications. 

If you know what you’re doing, React can drastically simplify how you build, use, and maintain code.

Whether you’re a React newbie or you’re ready for advanced techniques, you can level-up with egghead. Explore our in-depth courses, lessons, and community resources to build more powerful applications and crack open your career.

react

Build an NFT Based Ticketing System

Immutable.js provides many Persistent Immutable data structures including: List, Stack, Map, OrderedMap, Set, OrderedSet and Record.

immutable

There are lots of techniques for accessing data kept in your Lists. In this lesson, we will compare how data stored in collections can be accessed directly in both standard Arrays and ImmutableJS Lists. We will also look at how to find data inside an Immutable List using the `findEntry` and `findIndex` methods.

Get items in an ImmutableJS List

The reduce function in ImmutableJS allows you to transform and create new data from an existing data structure. In this example, we will do some math and calculate a sum based on data in an ImmutableJS Map.

Calculate a sum using reduce in ImmutableJS

The key to being productive with Immutable JS is understanding how to update values that are nested. Using `setIn` you can place a new value directly into an existing or new path. If you need access to the previous value before setting the new one, you can use `updateIn` instead. `updateIn`  accepts the same path lookups as `setIn`, but gives you a callback function instead so that you can use the previous value however you wish and return an updated version.

Updating nested values with ImmutableJS

ImmutableJS reduce functions can be nested to get data out of complex data structures. In this example, we will create an Immutable List from an Immutable Map that is nested inside of an Immutable List that is itself nested inside of an Immutable Map.

Create a list with nested reduce functions in ImmutableJS

By utilizing immutable data structures, we can write code that is easier to reason about, avoid mutation-related bugs, reduce complexity, and even gain some performance benefits along the way.

Before diving too far into Facebook's [Immutable.js](https://facebook.github.io/immutable-js/) library, let's take a moment to examine some of the pains and obstacles that mutable data structures present. 

We'll take a brief glimpse at putting the Immutable "List" data structure to work by example. We will convert our usage of Javascript's native `Array` to use [Immutable.List](https://facebook.github.io/immutable-js/docs/#/List) in order to address a mutation-related "bug" caused by multiple objects "sharing" a mutable structure (array) by reference.

Immutable.js: Introduction - Easing the Pains of Mutability

In this lesson we'll look at some of the differences between standard JavaScript Arrays and Immutable Lists. We'll create Immutable.JS Lists from scratch, as well as by converting regular Arrays. We will also compare and contrast the `push` and `concat` methods between both types of collection.

Create an immutable List using Immutable.js

The pipe operator is an easy to use and powerful feature of Elixir. It takes the output from the expression on the left, and automatically passes it as the first argument to the function on the right. This is especially useful when chaining together multiple function calls or data transformations. Using the pipe operator results in code that's easier to read, write and refactor.

Chain Function Calls with the Pipe Operator in Elixir

Sometimes our update logic is asynchronous. In this lesson we will investigate two ways in which we can write asynchronous update logic. 

…But, we will also discuss why asynchronous producers should be avoided, and how that can be done by better separating our logic. 

This lesson also demonstrates the “createDraft” and “finishDraft” APIs

Write Asynchronous Producers in Immer and Why You Shouldn’t

In this lesson we will send patches over a WebSocket to our server, and distribute them again from there.

Create a Simple WebSocket Server to Distribute Patches from Immer

Bootstrap a new Elixir project using Mix (a build tool included when you install Elixir), with its built in project generation.

Additional resources:
- [Official introduction to Mix](https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/mix-otp/introduction-to-mix.html#our-first-project)

Generate a new Elixir project using Mix

Elixir code is organized into groups of functions called modules. You can create your own modules and built on top of predefined modules that are a part of Elixir by default.

Additional resources: 
- [Getting started with Modules and function from Elixir docs](https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/modules-and-functions.html)

Write a New Function Inside of an Elixir Module

The syntax to pass arguments into functions is akin to many other languages. Elixir functions are uniquely recognized when running based off of the number of arguments passed in (a term called *arity*). This means you can define functions with the same name, so long as a different number of arguments is passed in.

Arity is a key concept to be aware of when reading documentation and writing your own code.

Additional resources:
- [Information about arity](https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/modules-and-functions.html#function-capturing)
- [Default arguments in functions](https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/modules-and-functions.html#default-arguments)

Pass arguments into Elixir functions and understand arity

Elixir uses `=` as an operator, but rather than assigning values to variables with it, it *matches* values on the right hand side of the `=` with the left side. This can be used in simple values, more complex data structures, and powerful condition checking.

Put into simpler terms, pattern matching is Elixir's way of assigning variables.

Additional resources:
- [Elixir docs on pattern matching](https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/pattern-matching.html)

Pattern match values in Elixir

Some common uses for pattern matching in Elixir include checking conditions and passing parameters into functions. It's useful for pulling out only specific variables from collections of data.

Additional resources:
- [Elixir docs on pattern matching](https://elixir-lang.org/getting-started/pattern-matching.html)

Pattern match in conditions and function parameters in Elixir

Simplify the process of creating a new smart contract by cloning the scaffold-eth repo. 

Once you’ve cloned the scaffold you can run a blockchain locally with `yarn chain` and also run your frontend with `yarn start`

You can find the repo here -> [https://github.com/scaffold-eth/scaffold-eth](https://github.com/scaffold-eth/scaffold-eth)

Create a New NFT Project with scaffold-eth

Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain with smart contract functionality. 

ethereum

We want to update the “Checked In” property on our NFT tickets once a user checks in with our dApp. 

To accomplish this we create `checkIn` method in our smart contract. To write `checkIn` we can just copy and paste a large portion of our `mint` method and remove the call to `safeMint`, set the id to the user’s token, set Checked In to `true`, and replace the placeholder image with our IPFS image.

Update an NFT’s Image and Other Metadata

A placeholder image isn’t going to cut it for our awesome NFT tickets. 

We can upload our own images to IPFS at [https://www.pinata.cloud/](https://www.pinata.cloud/)

Upload Static Assets to IPFS with Pinata

To confirm ownership we first have to add a `confirmOwnership` method to our smart contract and redeploy it. 

Then, we can call that `confirmOwnership` method on the connected smart contract within a `useEffect` hook in our React dApp.

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