Learn Http, Nginx and Ruby

 Every developer who has attempted to demystify OAuth 2.0 must be presented with mind-bugging complicated flow diagrams. It becomes worse when you try to understand all the terminologies of OAuth 2.0 and Open ID protocols.

There is no getting around the OAuth 2.0 flow being complicated with back and forth between your browser, the service you are authenticating with, and the application you want to access. 

This course gets straight to the point without any application code distracting you from the core takeaway -- You will learn how to authenticate and authorize yourself using GitHub as your Auth Server.

We'll first cover the OAuth 2.0 flow for authentication and then integrate the Open ID protocol for authorization.

[**LIVE EVENT**: Register here for a live webinar with Christian on OAuth.](https://egghead.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_Sxy1FEcoTea8UA6F7EDzLw) Bring any questions you have from taking this course!

JSON Web Tokens are an open, industry standard RFC 7519 method for representing claims securely between two parties.

Add Github Login to Your Web App with OAuth 2.0

Rails is a web-application framework that includes everything needed to create database-backed web applications according to the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern.

rails

Expanding on [Part 1](https://egghead.io/lessons/angularjs-rails-todo-api-part-1), this lesson will look at how to bootstrap AngularJS in a rails application as part of the asset pipeline. With Angular available, you'll see how to communicate with the Rails API using $resource.

Rails Todo API Part 2

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is a generic, stateless, protocol which can be used for many tasks beyond its use for hypertext, such as name servers and distributed object management systems, through extension of its request methods, error codes and headers.

http

Previously to tackle manual restarts due to server crashes , process management tools were used. 

Forever is one such module that is runs on the node ecosystem. So, we need not move away from the rich ecosystem of Node.js.

Use ``` npm install --global forever ``` to install forever module globally.
 

Running your server forever using forever in Node.js

Understand the three basic parts of making HTTP requests in Elm: 1) Building the request, 2) Writing a JSON decoder, 3) Sending the request using the Elm runtime, and reacting to the results with messages.

HTTP requests are just pieces of data in Elm. When we want to send them, we hand them off to Elm's runtime, and it notifies us when the request is done. An important part of working with HTTP requests that fetch JSON is JSON decoding, the process by which we can turn untyped JSON data into Elm types that are safe to work with.

Specs:

- Editor: Atom
- Theme: [Nebula (with Nebula syntax theme)](https://atom.io/themes/nebula-ui)
- Font: [Iosevka with ligatures enabled](https://github.com/be5invis/Iosevka)
- Plugin used for imports: [Elmjutsu](https://atom.io/packages/elmjutsu)
- Plugin used for formatting: [Elm-format](https://atom.io/packages/elm-format)
- Plugin used for linting: [linter-elm-make](https://atom.io/packages/linter-elm-make)


Make an HTTP Request in Elm

NGINX is a free, open-source, high-performance HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an IMAP/POP3 proxy server. 

nginx

Learn about the concepts of managing data within Docker volumes, including all of the commands to create and manage volumes. We'll demonstrate how to mount a Docker volume to one or many containers by creating and mounting a volume to an Nginx proxy, and then verify the output with curl. You'll also see how changes to files within volumes of one container propagate to other containers with the same volume mounted, and learn various commands to inspect Docker volumes.

Manage Data within Docker Volumes

AngularJS is an open-source JavaScript framework, maintained by Google, that assists with running single-page applications. Its goal is to augment web-based applications with model–view–controller (MVC) capability, in an effort to make both development and testing easier.

angularjs

Rails makes an excellent choice for delivering data to AngularJS via REST apis. In this first lesson of a two part series, you'll see how to create a simple API for CRUD operations on TODOs using Rails. This isn't an introduction to Rails, and assumes you know the basics. 

Rails Todo API Part 1

Learn how to setup an Nginx proxy server with Docker that sits in front of a Node.js app. You can use a proxy to control the flow of frontend requests hitting your app, as well as to achieve better performance and scalability. We'll create a sample Node.js app, configure a default Nginx configuration file for proxying web requests, build both Node.js and Nginx Docker images, and learn how to link everything up and get it running with Docker specifics.

Setup an Nginx Proxy for a Node.js App with Docker

Create a search directive with AngularJS and Rails. You'll want to take a look at the related [Rails TODO API Part 1](https://egghead.io/lessons/angularjs-rails-todo-api-part-1) and [Rails TODO API Part 2](https://egghead.io/lessons/angularjs-rails-todo-api-part-2). This is **not** a Rails how-to, so some knowledge there is expected to get up and running.

Search Directive with Rails

Node.js apps built with Docker cannot scale horizontally by themselves. In this lesson we will spawn out multiple Node.js processes/containers, and move the incoming request handler to an Nginx proxy to load balance and properly scale our Node.js app.

Scale Docker Horizontally with Nginx Load Balancing

`curl` is how you make HTTP requests from the command line. It's awesome for testing out APIs because you have full control over all the headers that are sent, and you don't have to interact with a UI to send a request. 

We’ll learn how to make requests and change the HTTP method, set headers, and send JSON and url encoded form data. We'll also see how to increase readability by splitting long requests into multiple lines and formatting JSON responses with `jsome`, a node module.

Make HTTP Requests in Bash with `curl`

Jekyll is a parsing engine bundled as a ruby gem used to build static websites from dynamic components such as templates, partials, liquid code, markdown, etc. Jekyll is known as "a simple, blog aware, static site generator".

jekyll

[Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/) is a static site generator built in [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/) and available to generate and host websites on [GitHub Pages](https://pages.github.com/). In this course, you'll install the Jekyll gem, use the command line tool to generate a new project, inspect the scaffolded project, and finally, serve the starter website.

Install Jekyll and generate initial, scaffolded website

Express is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a robust set of features for web and mobile applications.

express

In this lesson, we'll learn how to add https (and remove http) support to the localhost version of our express application. By adding https support, we'll be able to prevent a MITM (in this case Charles Proxy) from reading our session id, mitigating the attack known as "session hijacking".

Add https to a Localhost Express App to Prevent MITM Attacks

In this lesson, we'll learn how to use Charles Proxy to “sniff” the web traffic flowing an example website using an attack known as a Man in the Middle attack, or MITM. Because our example website is using http and not https, you'll “discover” a vulnerable piece of user data called a session id being transmitted in cleartext across every request. This info will become the central piece of data that we'll learn how to protect throughout this course.

Simulate Man in the Middle Attacks and Inspect Network Traffic with Charles Proxy

In the previous lesson, we disabled http in favor of https. In this lesson, we'll learn that the default protocol for web browser is http, and we therefore need to provide an http endpoint that redirects the browser to https. We'll do that by setting up a small express application whose sole responsibility is to redirect http urls to https. In doing so, we'll accidentally reintroduce the transmission of our session id over http, which we'll need to fix in our next lesson.

Redirect All HTTP Traffic to HTTPS in Express to Ensure All Responses are Secure

In this lesson, we'll will learn how to set the `secure` flag on our session id cookie to ensure it is only transmitted over https connections. This will effectively mitigate the Session Hijacking vulnerability we introduced in the previous lesson.

Set the Secure Cookie Flag to Ensure Cookies are Only Sent Over Secure Connections

In this course, we'll learn how to exploit and then mitigate several common Web Security Vulnerabilities: Man in the Middle (MITM), Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF), and Cross Site Scripting (XSS).

The goal of this course is to introduce you to these attacks from the point of view of an attacker, and then as the defender of a sample application, and to gain first hand experience with how these attacks works. You'll also learn several security "rules of thumb" along the way and discover modern defenses against these attacks that drastically reduce their likelihood of succeeding!

By the end of this course, you’ll know how to recognize these vulnerabilities in your own application and have strategies to mitigate and defend against all of them. You'll feel more confident in your ability to write secure code, and my hope is that you'll be inspired to continue your security journey and help make the internet a safer place for all of us.

Course Overview: Web Security Essentials

In this lesson, we'll learn how to add HSTS headers to an express application so that all requests after the first request made to the application are https. We'll also learn about the HSTS preload list which will ensure that even the first request is secure. Even though we secured our session id cookie in the previous lesson, ensuring all requests go over https ensure that even if we add another cookie and forget to set it to Secure, we'll still not be transmitting it in cleartext over an http connection.

Add HSTS Headers to Express Apps to Ensure All Requests are https Requests

In this lesson, we'll learn what a Cross Site Request Forgery (CRSF) vulnerability is by learning how to exploit a CSRF vulnerable site by making malicious requests on behalf of a logged in user. We'll construct a malicious payload that automatically gets POSTed to the vulnerable site simply by visiting the attacker website while being logged into the target website.

Create a Proof of Concept Exploit of a CSRF Vulnerable Website

In this lesson, we'll learn what the SameSite cookie flag is, what it’s various settings are, and how it can be used to prevent most forms of CSRF vulnerabilities. We'll then demonstrate how it protects against the exploit we crafted in the previous lesson.

Mitigate CSRF Attacks by Setting the SameSite Cookie Flag in Express

In this lesson, we'll learn what CSRF tokens are, and how they are used to defeat Cross Site Request Forgery vulnerabilities. Even though we've defeated CSRF through the use of SameSite cookies, adding CSRF tokens are an important "defense in depth" strategy to ensure that browsers that don't support SameSite cookies can still be protected against CSRF.

Add CSRF Token Middleware to an Express Server to Mitigate CSRF

In this lesson, we'll learn how to set the httpOnly flag on our session id cookie to ensure it is inaccessible from javascript, thereby defeating theft of the session id from the XSS attack we crafted in the previous lesson. However, we'll still leave ourselves open to other dangers from XSS, which we'll exploit in our next lesson!

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