Learn Ramda, Safari and Zeit-now

zeit-now

[Vercel](https://vercel.com) is a hosting platform that works very well with [Next.js](https://nextjs.org) - because it's their framework! In this lesson, we prepare our project to be deployed to production by:

- Pushing code to [GitHub](https://github.com/)
- Deploying repo to [Vercel](https://vercel.com)
- Updating [GitHub OAuth app](https://github.com/settings/developers) to use production URL
- Updating [Supabase](https://supabase.com/) project to use production URL

## Resources

- [Deploy Next.js to Vercel guide](https://nextjs.org/learn/basics/deploying-nextjs-app/deploy)
- [GitHub OAuth App settings](https://github.com/settings/developers)
- [Vercel](https://vercel.com)
- [Supabase URL configuration](https://app.supabase.com/project/_/auth/url-configuration)

Deploy Next.js App Router project to production with Vercel

Remix is a full stack web framework that focuses on web standards and the server/client model so that you can develop the features your users want and need without being bogged down in over-abstractions. When you get good with Remix, you actually get good at the foundations of web development.

remix

Using a GitHub repo to deploy our application to Vercel, keeps our code and live production site in sync. In this lesson we look at using the [GitHub CLI](https://cli.github.com/) tool to create a public repo, and adding it as a remote origin for our project.

Additionally, we create a new Vercel project from this GitHub repo, add our Supabase environment variables, and deploy. Lastly, we update the Homepage URL in our GitHub OAuth app to be our new Vercel URL, and set our Supabase project's [Authentication Site URL](https://app.supabase.com/project/_/auth/url-configuration) to our new live application URL.

## Extension ideas

- Style the app using Tailwind CSS (or another method of choice)
- Implement the ability for a user to `update` and `delete` their own messages
- Add the option to set a username and display this alongside messages
- Add separate message threads/chat rooms
- Implement private messages/chat rooms

## Resources

- [GitHub CLI](https://cli.github.com/)
- [Vercel docs](https://vercel.com/docs)
- [Deploying Remix app to Vercel](https://vercel.com/guides/deploying-remix-with-vercel)

Deploy a Remix Application to Vercel from a GitHub Repository

Next.js is a minimalistic framework for server-rendered React applications.

Deploy a project on Vercel (formerly ZEIT) from a GitHub repository

React is one of the web’s most popular frameworks for building JavaScript applications. 

If you know what you’re doing, React can drastically simplify how you build, use, and maintain code.

Whether you’re a React newbie or you’re ready for advanced techniques, you can level-up with egghead. Explore our in-depth courses, lessons, and community resources to build more powerful applications and crack open your career.

react

Labeling inputs, elements, and widgets add context and clarity for assistive technology such as screen readers. Some elements do not already have some sort of labeling text being displayed visually, such as a `<button>` without descriptive text or an `<icon>` or part of a more complex widget.  Others may have some form of text label but it does not provide enough context to be useful enough for those that cannot see it.  The addition of an `aria-label` attribute to the element will provide it with an accessible label so that when that element is focused by a screen reader, for instance, a label is read provides better context for the element and what a user can expect from it.

Add Accessible Labels to Provide Elements with More Context

Labeling inputs, elements, and widgets add context and clarity for assistive technology such as screen readers.  When there are already one or more other elements that themselves can be used to provide labeling text to another element an `aria-labelledby` attribute can be added to that element.  

Some examples of appropriate use cases for using an `aria-labelledby` are:
* Combine multiple labels together
* Associate headings with regions
* Label for a widget

Add an Accessible Label to an Element from the Text of Other Elements

When dynamic changes occur to content on a page they are usually visually apparent to users who can see the page but may not be made apparent to users of assistive technologies. ARIA live regions provide a way to make those dynamic content changes able to be announced by assistive technologies.

## ARIA attributes
* `aria-live`: the priority with which updates are read
* `aria-atomic`: whether the screen reader should always present the live region as a whole, even if only part of the region changes
* `aria-relevant` - takes a list of what type of changes should be announced

## Resources
* https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/ARIA_Live_Regions
* https://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria-1.1/states_and_properties#aria-live
* https://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria-1.1/states_and_properties#aria-atomic
* https://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria-1.1/states_and_properties#aria-relevant
* http://html.cita.illinois.edu/nav/form/aria/index.php?example=3

Define a Live Region to Ensure Dynamic Changes are Announced by Assistive Technologies

The Chrome Developer Tools (DevTools for short), are a set of web authoring and debugging tools built into Google Chrome.

chrome-devtools

Using our accessibility auditing toolkit we can find issues concerning landmark regions in our web application.  The react-axe library will report findings in the JavaScript console of the browser.  We could also run the axe browser extension to see the same results.  The tota11y browser extension will annotate any landmark regions on the page and therefore if none are annotated it may indicate that they aren't any (_NOTE: tota11y will only annotate landmark regions using aria roles and not those using HTML5 elements_).  Finally using the VoiceOver Rotor in Safari will show us whatever landmark regions have been defined in the Landmarks menu. 

Test for Landmark Region Accessibility Issues in React

screen-reader

We can find issues with heading levels by utilizing our accessibility auditing tools.  The library react-axe, as well as the browser extension axe, will report any findings concerning heading levels.  The browser extension tota11y will annotate all heading levels on a page and show any in red that have issues.  Finally, we can check the Rotor in VoiceOver in Safari.  The Rotor should have a Headings menu and will list in order all of them that are found on the page.  If headings are missing or inappropriate this will help us find them as well.

Test for Heading Level Accessibility Issues

Labeling inputs, elements, and widgets add context and clarity for assistive technology such as screen readers. Some elements do not already have some sort of labeling text being displayed visually, such as a `<button>` without descriptive text or an `<icon>` or part of a more complex widget.  Others may have some form of text label but it is not descriptive enough for those who cannot see it.  The addition of an `aria-label` attribute to the element will provide it with an accessible label so that when that element is focused by a screen reader, for instance, a label is read that better describes the element and what a user can expect from it.

Add Accessible Labels to Elements Whose Labels are Not Clear Enough

Labeling inputs, elements, and widgets add context and clarity for assistive technology such as screen readers. Beyond adding accessible labels to elements and widgets we can also provide additional descriptions.  Similar to how an `aria-labelledby` attribute works, an `aria-describedby` attribute can link the text from another element or elements to be used as a description for the given element.  

Some example use cases for using an `aria-describedby` are:
* providing instructions
* providing important usage details

Add Accessible Descriptions to Elements

A library designed specifically for a functional programming style, one that makes it easy to create functional pipelines, one that never mutates user data.

ramda

In this lesson we'll see how to use the `without` function to remove items in a known list from an array. Then we'll generate our exclusion list and apply it to `without` using `reduce`, `min`, `max` and `converge` to detect the highest and lowest values in an array and creating a new array that excludes those values.

Discard the High and Low Values From an Array of Numbers with Ramda

Learn how you can use ramda.js to bring functional programming concepts into your JavaScript code. Ramda offers composability and immutability right out of the box, so you can leave your imperative code behind and build cleaner, more maintainable code.

Functional Programming in JavaScript with Ramda.js

Node.js is a platform built on Chrome's JavaScript runtime for easily building fast, scalable network applications. Node.js uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient, perfect for data-intensive real-time applications that run across distributed devices.

node

Now by Zeit has recently been updated and now supports multi-language monorepos. In this lesson we'll build and deploy a simple app with an API powered by Node.js and Go.

If you want to follow along with this lesson, you will need to install [now-cli](https://github.com/zeit/now-cli).

Deploy a Monorepo to Now V2

WAI-ARIA, the Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite, defines a way to make Web content and Web applications more accessible to people with disabilities. It especially helps with dynamic content and advanced user interface controls developed with Ajax, HTML, JavaScript, and related technologies. 

aria

Animations can make people sick, or worse! By adding animation toggles and listening in to the user's system preference for reducing motion on OSX and iOS, we can give them more control over our interfaces. Animation can be a safety issue; let's do something about it!

Warning: there is a flashing animation in the video.

In this lesson:
- [prefers-reduced-motion](https://webkit.org/blog/7551/responsive-design-for-motion/)

WCAG 2.1, Guideline 2.3: Seizure risks
- https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/?versions=2.0#qr-seizure-does-not-violate

Your Interactive Makes Me Sick
- https://source.opennews.org/articles/motion-sick/

Accessible animations with reduced motion

Angular is a development platform for creating applications using modern web standards. Angular includes a wealth of essential features such as mobile gestures, animations, filtering, routing, data binding, security, internationalization, and beautiful UI components. It's extremely modular, lightweight, and easy to learn.

angular

In this lesson we will add support for deploying our application to [now.sh](https://zeit.co/now).

We will create a `now` object in package.json where we configure the name, the alias and the list of files we want to deploy.

We create an npm run-script called `now-build` and set the value to `true` to skip building the project on `now.sh`. The second run-script called `now` invokes `now deploy && now alias`. 

After this we sun `npm run build && npm run now` to build and deploy our app!

Deploy an Angular CLI Project to now.sh

In this lesson, we’ll make a few small changes to our scripts and add some environment variables that will be used at build time to get our application ready to be deployed to a production environment using the `now` service. Once properly configured, we’ll use the `now` CLI and publish our application to a production server.

Configure a React & Redux Application For Production Deployment and Deploy to Now

Most.js is a toolkit for reactive programming. It helps you compose asynchronous operations on streams of values and events, e.g. WebSocket messages, DOM events, etc, and on time-varying values, e.g. the "current value" of an <input>, without many of the hazards of side effects and mutable shared state.

most

Unlike RxJS, Most does not include an observable-based AJAX helper utility. However, it can be very convenient to have one, because it allows you to use streams to do things like declaratively handling errors & setting up cancellation. In this lesson, we use currying & functional composition to create an Observable-based wrapper around the fetch API with Ramda & Most.

Create an Observable-Based Fetch Wrapper Using Ramda & Most

In this lesson we'll take a stateful React component and look at how we can refactor our `setState` calls to use an updater function and then leverage Ramda's `evolve` function to make our updater function a reusable utility that isn't tied to the React API.

Update State in React with Ramda's Evolve

In this lesson, we'll refactor a React component to use Ramda lenses to update our component state. We'll create a lens to focus on the property we want to target and use `over` to apply the existing state value to a utility function and we'll get back a new state that will be reflected in our rendered UI.

Update Component State in React With Ramda Lenses

When doing comparisons inside of functions, you end of relying heavily on the argument passed into the function. Ramda's `converge` allows you to do comparisons in a Point-Free style allowing you more flexibility with composing and constructing functions. This lesson walks through refactoring a function to Point-Free style using Ramda's Converge.

Eliminate Function Arguments (Point-Free Style) with Ramda's Converge

You can really unlock the power of ramda (and functional programming in general) when you combine functions. Counting words in a string may seem like a relatively difficult task, but ramda makes it easy by providing a `countBy` function.  This lesson walks through using the `countBy` to count words in a string.

Count Words in a String with Ramda's countBy and invert

Hardcoding your script to search for only one type of file (like `.md`) is a major limitation. This lesson shows you how to make your script smarter by teaching it to infer the desired file type directly from the user's natural language prompt.

You'll implement a two-stage AI process. The first stage analyzes the user's request to determine the file extension they're interested in (e.g., `md`, `txt`). The second stage then uses that file type to dynamically search the file system, find the relevant files, and execute the command.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

* Add a preliminary `generateObject` call to extract a `fileType` from the user's initial prompt.
* Define a list of supported `fileTypes` (e.g., `['md', 'txt']`) and use a detailed prompt to guide the AI, instructing it to choose from the list or use a default.
* Dynamically construct the `globby` pattern using the inferred `fileType` (e.g., `*.$[fileType]`).
* Implement error handling to inform the user if they request an unsupported file type or if no files of the specified type are found.
* Demonstrate how the script defaults to searching for Markdown files but can correctly search for other types when specified (e.g., "summarize my profile from my pdf").

This technique adds a significant layer of intelligence to your script, allowing it to adapt its behavior based on the user's intent and making it a far more flexible and intuitive command-line tool.

John Lindquist

Dynamically Inferring File Types from User Prompts in Local AI Scripts

Hardcoding command logic and prompts directly into your script makes it rigid and difficult to extend. This lesson demonstrates a more flexible and powerful pattern: defining your script's commands as individual Markdown files in a dedicated directory.

This approach allows you to easily add, remove, or modify commands without touching the core script logic. You'll learn how to dynamically load these command files, present them as options to the AI, and inject the corresponding instructions into your prompt, creating a truly modular and extensible tool.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

* Create a `commands` directory to house your command definitions (e.g., `summarize.md`, `translate.md`).
* In each file, write the specific prompt or instructions for that command.
* Use `globby` to discover all available command files at runtime.
* Create a `commandMap` that maps the filename (e.g., "summarize") to its file content.
* Update the Zod schema to use an `enum` of the dynamically discovered command names.
* Dynamically construct the final text generation prompt by injecting the instructions from the user-selected command file.
* Add a `profile.md` file to demonstrate how the script can act on user-created content with the new file-based commands.

By the end of this lesson, your script will be architected for easy expansion, allowing you to build a robust library of custom commands simply by adding new text files.

Creating Dynamic, File-Based Commands for Local AI Scripts

AI models won't always give you the answer you expect; sometimes they'll return invalid data or "hallucinate" a response that doesn't fit your schema. This lesson teaches you how to make your local AI script more robust by implementing essential error handling for user commands.

You'll learn how to validate the AI's output against a predefined list of valid commands and gracefully catch errors when the model generates an unexpected response, ensuring your script fails predictably and provides helpful feedback to the user.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

* Define a list of `validCommands` (e.g., `summarize`, `translate`, `review`) to constrain the AI's choices.
* Wrap the `generateObject` call in a `try...catch` block to handle cases where the AI's output doesn't match the Zod schema.
* Implement a type guard function (`isValidCommand`) to check if the command returned by the AI is in your list of valid commands.
* Provide clear error messages to the user, indicating what went wrong and what the valid commands are.
* Test the script with invalid commands (like "taco" or "delete") to confirm that the error handling works as expected.

By adding these checks, you make your script significantly more reliable and user-friendly, preventing it from crashing on bad input and guiding the user toward correct usage.

Handling Invalid Commands and AI Errors in Local Scripts

Once your script can understand a user's command and identify a target file, the next step is to perform an action. This lesson shows you how to use the Vercel AI SDK's `generateText` function to process a file's content and produce a relevant, AI-generated response.

You'll learn how to read the content from the file path you've already identified, combine it with the inferred command into a new, more detailed prompt, and then pass it back to your local AI model to generate a final text output, such as a summary or a review.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

* Import the `generateText` function from the `ai` SDK.
* Read the file content from the `filePath` returned by `generateObject`.
* Construct a new, structured prompt that includes the original command (e.g., "summarize") and the full content of the file.
* Pass this new prompt to the `generateText` function.
* Log the resulting AI-generated text to the console.
* Run the script with commands like "Summarize our TypeScript config" or "Review my package file" to see the full, context-aware output.

This lesson completes the core cycle of your AI script: understanding a command, reading the relevant context, and generating a useful, text-based result, all on your local machine.

Generating Text with a Local AI Model Based on File Content

A command is useless without knowing what to act upon. This lesson elevates your local AI script by giving it context from your project's file system. You'll learn how to find all relevant files and empower the AI to intelligently select the correct one based on your prompt.

The core technique involves using the `globby` package to scan for files and then feeding that list into a Zod `enum`. This constrains the AI's choices to a valid set of files, allowing it to accurately determine which file you're referring to in a natural language command.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

* Install and import the `globby` library to find files based on a pattern (e.g., all `.json` files).
* Add a `filePath` field to your Zod schema.
* Define the `filePath` as `z.enum(files)`, where `files` is the array of file paths returned by `globby`.
* Pass a natural language prompt like "Summarize our typescript config" to the script.
* Observe how the AI correctly identifies `tsconfig.json` from the list of available JSON files and returns it as structured data.

This lesson is a crucial step toward building powerful, context-aware tools that can intelligently interact with your project's files based on simple, human-readable commands.

Providing File System Context to Local AI Scripts with Globby and Zod Enums

Hardcoded prompts are great for testing, but a truly useful script needs to respond to dynamic user input. This lesson shows you how to make your local AI script interactive by capturing command-line arguments.

You'll learn how to use Node.js's built-in `parseArgs` utility to take a user's natural language command directly from the terminal and pass it to your local language model for processing.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

* Import the `parseArgs` function from the `node:util` module.
* Configure `parseArgs` to accept positional arguments from the command line.
* Replace the static, hardcoded prompt with the dynamic input provided by the user.
* Run the script with different sentences (e.g., `"Download a file"` or `"I want to download a file"`) to demonstrate that the AI can correctly infer the core command regardless of the phrasing.

By the end of this short lesson, your script will be able to accept and process commands directly from the user, making it a flexible and reusable command-line tool.

Processing Dynamic User Input in Local AI Scripts

While command-line chats with local AI models are useful, the real power comes from scripting. This lesson walks you through the initial setup for creating powerful, local AI-driven scripts by combining Ollama, the Vercel AI SDK, and Zod.

You'll learn how to take a natural language command, like "Concatenate all of the markdown files in my Downloads folder into a single file," and use the `generateObject` function to intelligently extract structured, actionable data from it.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

* Install and set up the `ollama-ai-provider`, `ai`, and `zod` packages.
* Create a local AI model instance using Ollama and the Gemma 3 model.
* Define a Zod schema to specify the exact data structure you want to extract (e.g., `{ command: string }`).
* Use `generateObject` to pass a natural language prompt to the local model and receive a structured JSON object that matches your schema.
* Run the script using `bun` to see the local model successfully infer the "concatenate" command from a full sentence.

This foundational lesson unlocks the ability to build sophisticated, automated workflows by translating human language into machine-readable commands, all running entirely on your local machine.

Scripting Local Language Models with Ollama and the Vercel AI SDK

### **Build Powerful, Local AI-Driven Command-Line Scripts**

Go beyond simple AI chats and unlock the true potential of local language models by learning to script them. This course will guide you step-by-step through the process of building a flexible and intelligent command-line tool that can understand natural language, interact with your file system, and automate complex tasks—all running entirely on your local machine.

Starting with a blank TypeScript file, you'll learn how to combine the power of **Ollama**, the **Vercel AI SDK**, and **Zod** to create a script that's not just functional, but smart. We'll begin by teaching the AI to parse a simple command from a sentence. From there, we'll progressively add layers of sophistication: processing dynamic user input, making the script aware of your project's files, and generating meaningful text-based output.

You'll also learn critical patterns for building robust and extensible tools. We'll cover how to handle invalid commands and unexpected AI responses gracefully. Then, you'll refactor the script to use a modular, file-based system for its commands, allowing you to easily add new functionality without touching the core logic. Finally, we'll add a layer of intelligence that allows your script to infer exactly what you mean, right down to the type of file you want it to process.

By the end of this course, you will have built a powerful, personalized AI assistant and gained the foundational skills to create sophisticated local automations for any task you can imagine.

**What You'll Learn:**

* How to script local language models using Ollama and the Vercel AI SDK.
* To parse and process dynamic user input from the command line.
* To use Zod schemas, including `enums`, to validate and structure AI model output.
* Techniques for providing file-system context to your scripts with `globby`.
* How to generate context-aware text based on file content.
* Robust error handling for invalid user commands and unexpected AI responses.
* To build a modular and extensible tool by defining commands in separate files.
* To intelligently infer user intent, such as dynamically determining file types from a prompt.

Build a local AI-powered command-line assistant from scratch. Learn to use Ollama, Vercel AI SDK & Zod to parse input, automate tasks, and run scripts offline.

This lesson demonstrates how to give Cursor direct access to your terminal output using the [Nx MCP extension](https://nx.dev/getting-started/ai-integration?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=videos&utm_campaign=Nx-AI&utm_id=Nx-AI), enabling automatic error detection and fixing in monorepo projects.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

- Encounter a runtime error when serving a Vite application in an Nx monorepo
- Install and configure the Nx Console extension with MCP integration
- Ask Cursor to check your terminal for errors and fix the underlying issues
- Watch as the AI accesses running task details and terminal output through Nx MCP tools
- Observe how it analyzes workspace relationships to identify incorrect imports and missing dependencies

**Key benefits:**

- Seamless Error Handling: AI gains direct access to terminal output and running task information
- Automatic Diagnosis: Accurately identify the root cause of errors without manual copying
- Context-Aware Fixes: Leverage workspace knowledge to implement proper solutions
- Reduced Context Switching: Eliminate the need to manually relay information between terminal and AI



Juri Strumpflohner

Enable Cursor to directly access the terminal to read the output and fix issues

See how Nx MCP gives AI coding assistants direct access to terminal output and running tasks, enabling automatic error detection and fixing.

This lesson demonstrates how to solve the predictability problem when using AI to generate code in monorepos by combining Cursor with Nx generators.

**Workflow demonstrated in this lesson:**

- Explore how Nx generators provide predictable scaffolding for new libraries
- Set up [Nx Console with MCP](https://nx.dev/features/enhance-AI?utm_source=egghead&utm_medium=videos&utm_campaign=Nx-AI&utm_id=Nx-AI) integration to expose generator capabilities to Cursor
- Use the AI assistant to brainstorm a new feature with the help of the Nx MCP tools
- Have Cursor leverage the Nx MCP tools to trigger the appropriate Nx generator for creating a React-based feature library
- Observe how the AI assistant takes the generated library and further integrates it into the codebase

**Key benefits:**

- **Predictable Code Structure**: Ensure generated libraries follow your project's and organization's conventions
- **Consistent Setup**: Maintain uniform configuration across TypeScript projects and package.json files
- **Guided Implementation**: Combine AI instructions with structured, predictable code generation

Enable Cursor to generate predictable project setups

Learn how to combine Cursor AI with Nx generators for predictable library creation in monorepos, ensuring consistent structure across your codebase.

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